Gambesons

Gambeson

The gambeson is one of the most recognizable and versatile components of medieval body protection. This quilted vest, constructed from multiple layers of fabric, was an essential armor for both knights and infantry soldiers for centuries. Thanks to the thick construction of linen, wool, or other sturdy materials, a gambeson provided protection against cuts, impacts, and friction from other armor components. As a result, the garment could be worn both independently and in combination with mail shirts or plate armor.

From the 11th and 12th centuries, the gambeson made a rapid advance in Europe. Common soldiers used it as an affordable alternative to more expensive metal armors, while knights wore it as a comfortable underlayer beneath their mail or plate armor. During this period, two main types emerged: the lighter variant intended to be worn under a armour, and the thicker "padded jack," which provided sufficient protection as standalone armor. A well-made gambeson consisted of many layers of fabric that were firmly quilted, significantly reducing the impact of arrows and blows.

Arming doublet

For knights in full gear, the arming doublet — a special type of gambeson — was indispensable. It had reinforced points to which armor plates could be fastened to the body. This allowed the armor to fit closely and enabled the individual components to move smoothly with the body. Vulnerable areas such as armpits and elbows also received extra protection through inserts of mail or additional padding.

Although the gambeson eventually disappeared from European armies with the rise of firearms, it remains popular today in reenactment, LARP, HEMA, and living history. Thanks to its comfort, historical authenticity, and protective properties, this medieval garment remains an indispensable part of many historical outfits.